Latin phrases pop up in common expressions frequently even though, technically, it is now considered a dead language, which means it is still used but doesn’t have any native speakers. Even if you didn’t take Latin in high school, you’re probably familiar with many Latin expressions. However, when I proofread manuscripts, one of the most common mistakes I see is confusion regarding the proper use of Latin terms. Although readers will pick up the intended meaning, as writers, part of our job is to be as precise and clear as possible. So today, let’s spend a bit of time reviewing the definitions for everyday Latin terms.
Common Latin Terms
Exempli gratia (e.g.) or Id est (i.e.)
When you want to provide one or more examples of something, use the abbreviation e.g.
I like many kinds of music (e.g., blues, classical, and rock).
Use i.e. when you want to explain something in other words.
I am a vegetarian; i.e., I don’t eat meat.
Although it’s perfectly acceptable to use the phrases for example, in other words, or that is, sometimes in formal writing having a more compact abbreviation is preferable. Remember, in both of these cases, put a period after both letters, and use a comma after the second period.*
*Always confirm punctuation preferences with your style guide. These are the recommendations according to CMOS.
Sine qua non
Although the definition is simple (something absolutely indispensable or essential), the plural form can trip writers up. Both sine qua nons and sine quibus non are acceptable spellings.
Quid pro quo
It’s not just a catchy Hamilton lyric. Quid pro quo means “something given or received for something else.”
Per capita
Per capita means “per unit of population” or “by or for each person.” I’ve seen instances where this was used to refer to households. Please note that it should apply to each individual.
Et cetera
You’ve seen this abbreviation (etc.) before, but have you noticed when it’s used incorrectly? Its actual definition means “and other things,” so et cetera should never refer to people. Some authors will include the abbreviation in a sentence with the improper construction and etc., which is redundant since et means “and.” Another common error is to include etc. at the end of a list that started with such as, for example, e.g., or something similar. Such terms introduce a short list properly, so there is no need to include etc.
Et al.
Instead of using etc. to refer to people, use et al. This is a shortened form of et alii, which means “and others.” In this phrase, the others refer to people, not things. If you look through a bibliography or works cited page, chances are you’ll see this term in use. Since al. is an abbreviation, remember to put a period afterward. Et is not an abbreviation, so don’t worry about adding a period after it.
Ad nauseam
This phrase means “to a sickening or excessive degree,” not that you feel sick.
De facto
Occasionally, authors will use de facto when they mean by default, but it means “in reality” or “actually.”
Formatting Latin Phrases
Some style guides recommend that unfamiliar words and phrases from other languages be set in italics unless they are listed in a standard English-language dictionary, so when you’re borrowing a phrase from another language, dead or otherwise, remember to check your style guide for formatting guidance. Since Latin phrases are so well incorporated into our everyday vocabulary, some style guides like CMOS explicitly say to use roman for Latin words and abbreviations.
Takeaways
Languages can be tricky, whether you’re using a dead language or not. Remember, as writers, our job is to communicate clearly, so word choice and formatting matters, especially when we’re borrowing words from another language. If you need help reviewing everyday Latin terms and formatting, or other word choices in general, let me know. I’d love to learn more about your project and help make your writing bulletproof!